To review the risk in pharmaceutical industries and the risk management process and tools. There is risk always in anything we do. All the industries on this globe perform actions that involve risks; risk is only dangerous when there is no anticipation to manage it. Risks if assessed and controlled properly will benefit the industries against the fall and makes stronger. Risk should not be assessed as bad, but should assess as an opportunity for making things resilient by proper management. Risk management can benefit industries from disasters either natural or human. The impact of the risk should be assessed in order to plan alternatives and minimize the effect of the impact. Risk in pharmaceutical industry is very high because it involves research, money and health. The impact is severe and the probability of the risk is more often in pharmaceutical industry. A risk management plans and control measures will help the companies to do better at the time of uncertainties and create positive opportunities to turn those risks into benefits which maximize quality. Materials and Methods: The information was collected and compiled from scientific literature present in different databases and articles, books. Results: The risk management process and tools helps to minimize the risk and its effects. Conclusion: The risk management is at the core of any organization. Risk management should be part of organization culture. The risk management is a wise investment if properly processed.

To study the pharmacy dispensing practice carried out in various pharmacies of Karachi focusing on the availability of a pharmacist in the pharmacy and their responsibility as pharmacy dispensers. Method: A survey based study was conducted in which 40 pharmacies in various areas of Karachi including North Karachi, Nazimabad, Shahra-e-Faisal and Steel Town, were assessed with the help of closed-ended questionnaires. Key Findings: Out of the 40 pharmacies surveyed only 12 were found to have pharmacists working in the pharmacy, 27 counsel their customers about the medication, 14 of them do support the idea of dispensing drugs without prescription, and 29 of the dispensers in these pharmacies think that people are now becoming more aware about their medication. Of the 27 pharmacies that counsel their customers, only 7 provide information regarding adverse effects of the drug, 16 provide information about storage, 20 about how and when to use the drug, only 3 about precautions and 18 pharmacies where medical devices are available guide about how to use the medical devices. Conclusion: For good dispensing practice in a pharmacy, availability of a pharmacist in the pharmacy is a necessity. And to improve the quality of life of the patient effective and informative counseling is important. Pharmacies in Karachi lack these important factors and, therefore, there is an intensive need of improvements to be made in this field which can only be achieved by strict inspection of pharmacies and educating the pharmacists and dispensers regarding good dispensing practices.

Valuation of serum calcium in the patients of hematological malignances, and correlation between serum calcium and absolute WBC count in those patients. Methods: Eighty eight patients of variable hematological malignancies referred to the national center of hematology treated with multiple drugs regarding the condition, each patient assessed with full name, age, gender, disease diagnosed and medications received, blood sample withdrawn and handled by EDTA tube and plain tube then processed in the laboratory to estimate complete blood count, serum calcium .results: Eighty eight patients with mean age is 43.14+15.73 (15-79 years). Male gender mildly more than female. There are many hematological malignancy cases but the most predominant one (68% of cases) is chronic myeloid leukemia (CML). There is positive correlation between serum calcium and absolute WBC count. Conclusion: There is positive correlation between serum calcium and absolute WBC count. Most of cases (53 cases) had received imatinib and present with a mean serum calcium value at 1.94 mmol/l which is less than normal range. In our study more than fifty cases ( more than 60%) present with decreased serum calcium.

The present study is performed by preparation and evaluation of floating tablets of quetiapine fumigate as model drug for prolongation of gastric residence time. Floating effervescent tablets were formulated by various materials like hydroxypropyl methylcellulose HPMC ( K4M , K100M, KE15, PLAIN ) , Sodium CMC, PVPK 30, crospovidone, Ethylcellulose, MCC, PGMS, polymers with excipients sodium bicarbonate ,citric acid, lactose, magnesium stearate and talc and evaluated for floating properties, hardness, friability, dissolution, tap density and in vitro drug release studies. The gastro-retentive delivery systems of Quetiapine fumarate were successfully developed in the form of hydrodynamically balanced tablets to improve the local action and its bioavailability, which reduces the wastage of drug and ultimately improves the solubility for drugs that are less soluble in high pH environment thereby improving h, the patient compliance.

The aim of this study to determined in vitro effects of various combinations of three antimicrobials (nitrofurantoin, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin) against twenty five E. coli isolates and the role of plasmidDNA in antimicrobial resistance. Method: Seventy five E. coli isolates were collected from urine of patients with urinary tract infections in AL-Kadhimia and AL-Yarmook teaching hospitals in Baghdad for a period between 22/11/2012 to 15/3/2013, from these samples twenty five isolates were selected according to their pattern of the highest resistance as these showing multi-drug resistances and tested to specify their minimum inhibitory concentration for (nitrofurantoin, gentamicin and ciprofloxacin. The plasmid profile for the twenty five E. coli isolates were studied using Pure Yield ™ plasmid Miniprep system- Cat.# A1220 – Promega- USA. In order to determined the presence of plasmid for antimicrobials resistance. Result :Among combinations the combination of nitrofurantoin with gentamicin showed high synergistic effect when 1/4+1/4 MIC for each antimicrobial were used. While combinations of nitrofurantoin with gentamicin and ciprofloxacin in some isolates showed additive effect when 1/2+1/2 MIC for each antimicrobial were used. ), nitrofurantoin was found having the lowest MIC comparing with others.Extraction of plasmidDNA indicates the presence of antimicrobial resistance plasmid in (A6, A37, A32, and A57) isolates. Conclusion: Nitrofurantoin had more effect on E.coli and with high synergistic effect in combination with gentamicin against resistant Ecoli.that 18 isolates show synergistic effect, only2 isolate show additive effect, while combination of nitrofurantoin and quinolon better to be avoided that in vitro show antagonist effect.

In the present study, we have reported the synthesis, structural confirmation and anti microbial activity of condensed bridgehead nitrogen heterocyclic compounds. (Imidazothiadiazoles). Methods: Use of microwave reactions afforded high yields and decreased reaction time as compared to conventional method. Around 15 new complexes were synthesized, with standard chemicals and procedures.The synthesized complexes were tested for their preliminary tests, physical constants and TLC. The structures of all complexes were confirmed by using IR, 1H NMR techniques. The newly synthesized compounds were screened for their antimicrobial activity and antifungal activity with the standard drug. Results and discussion: Five 4-substituted Phenacyl bromides were prepared by reacting 4-substituted acetophenones with bromine according to literature and confirmed by physical constants (Table 2). The compound 2-(4-substituted benzyl)-6-(4-substituted phenyl)imidazo[2,1-b][1,3,4]-thiadiazoles was confirmed by IR, 1H NMR and other physical parameters. The compounds () showed absorption bands ranging from 3149-3034 cm-1 for C-H aromatic stretching, 2960-2845 cm-1 for aliphatic stretching, 1521- 1342 cm-1 for NO2 group. (Table 5; Fig.3-12). In 1H NMR spectra the presence of methylene proton and methyl protons between δ 4.27-4.26 ppm and 3.80-2.30 ppm was observed respectively. For aromatic protons multiplets were observed between δ 7.94-7.25 ppm. So all these confirmation authenticate for all synthesized compounds. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for antimicrobial and antifungal activity by disc diffusion method. The antimicrobial activity as calculated by the zones of inhibition against S.aureus (Gram positive) and Klebsiella (Gram negative) as compared to that of standard drug ciprofloxacin. The results of the antibacterial screening studies clearly show moderate to mild antimicrobial activity. The compound SKN-06 showed better antifungal activity. The compound exhibited zone of inhibition 24 mm and 22 mm at the concentration of 75 μg and 50 μg respectively compared to standard fluconazole (22 mm at 30 μg)